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<title>Whitespace character</title>

</head>

Whitespace character

</h1>

</header>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dot space" redirects here. For the animated film, see <a href="Dot_in_Space" title="Dot in Space">Dot in Space</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"␣" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="%E2%8D%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⍽">⍽</a> or <a href="%E2%8C%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⌴">⌴</a>.</div>

A whitespace character is a <a href="Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> <a href="Data_element" title="Data element">data element</a> that represents <a href="White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">white space</a> when <a href="Text_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Text string">text</a> is

<a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendered</a> for display by a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>.

For example, a <a href="Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> character (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}

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</style>U+0020   SPACE, <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> 32) represents blank space such as a <a href="Word_divider" title="Word divider">word divider</a> in a Western <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">script</a>.

A <a href="Printable_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Printable character">printable character</a> results in output when rendered,

but a whitespace character does not.

Instead, whitespace characters define the layout of text to a limited degree, interrupting the normal sequence of rendering characters next to each other.

The output of subsequent characters is typically shifted to the right (or to the left for <a href="Right-to-left_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left script</a>) or to the start of the next line.

The effect of multiple sequential whitespace characters is cumulative such that the next printable character is rendered at a location based on the accumulated effect of preceding whitespace characters.

The origin of the term whitespace is rooted in the common practice of rendering text on white <a href="Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. Normally, a whitespace character is not rendered as white. It affects rendering, but it is not itself rendered.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

A space character typically inserts horizontal space that is about as wide as a letter. For a <a href="Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced font</a> the width is the width of a letter, and for a <a href="Variable-width_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable-width font">variable-width font</a> the width is font-specific. Some fonts support multiple space characters that have different widths.

A tab character typically inserts horizontal space that is based on <a href="Tab_stop" title="Tab stop">tab stops</a> which vary by <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application</a>.

A <a href="Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> character sequence typically moves the render output location to the beginning of the next line. If one follows text, it does not actually result in whitespace. But, two sequential newline sequences between text blocks results in a blank line between the blocks. The height of the blank line varies by application.

Using whitespace characters to layout text is a convention. Applications sometimes render whitespace characters as visible markup so that a user can see what is normally not visible.

Typically, a <a href="Computer_user" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer user">user</a> types a space character by pressing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">

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</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">spacebar</kbd>, a tab character by pressing <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Tab ↹</kbd> and newline by pressing <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

The table below lists the twenty-five characters defined as whitespace ("WSpace=Y", "WS") characters in the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Character Database.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Seventeen use a definition of whitespace consistent with the algorithm for <a href="Unicode_character_property#Bidirectional_writing" title="Unicode character property">bidirectional writing</a> ("Bidirectional Character Type=WS") and are known as "Bidi-WS" characters. The remaining characters may also be used, but are not of this "Bidi" type.

Note: Depending on the browser and fonts used to view the following table, not all spaces may be displayed properly.

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</style><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Unicode characters with property White_Space=yes<a href="#cite_note-wsdef-2">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-ws-3">[b]</a></div>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th style="width: 10%;">Name

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Code_point" title="Code point">Code point</a>

</th>

<th>Width box

</th>

<th><a href="Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">May break</a>?

</th>

<th>In <a href="Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">IDN</a>?

</th>

<th><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Script</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a>

</th>

<th style="width: 8%;">General category

</th>

<th style="width: 34%;">Notes

</th></tr>

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.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}

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</style>character tabulation</td>

<td>9

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td><a href="Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin</a></td>

<td>Other, control

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">HT, <a href="Horizontal_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal Tab">Horizontal Tab</a>. HTML/XML <a href="List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references#Character_entity_references_in_HTML" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named entity</a>: <code>&Tab;</code>, <a href="LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>: <code>\tab</code>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> escape: <code>\t</code>

</td></tr>

<td>10

</td>

<td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Is a line-break

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>Basic Latin</td>

<td>Other, control

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">LF, <a href="Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">Line feed</a>. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&NewLine;</code>, C escape: <code>\n</code>

</td></tr>

<td>line tabulation</td>

<td>11

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>Basic Latin</td>

<td>Other, control

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">VT, <a href="Vertical_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical Tab">Vertical Tab</a>. C escape: <code>\v</code>

</td></tr>

<td>12

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>Basic Latin</td>

<td>Other, control

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">FF, <a href="Form_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form feed">Form feed</a>. C escape: <code>\f</code>

</td></tr>

<td>carriage return</td>

<td>13

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>Basic Latin</td>

<td>Other, control

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">CR, <a href="Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">Carriage return</a>. C escape: <code>\r</code>

</td></tr>

<td>space</td>

<td>32

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>Basic Latin</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Most common (normal ASCII space). LaTeX: <code>\ </code>

</td></tr>

<td>133

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td><a href="Latin-1_Supplement" title="Latin-1 Supplement">Latin-1 Supplement</a></td>

<td>Other, control

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">NEL, <a href="Newline" title="Newline">Next line</a>. LaTeX: <code>\\</code>

</td></tr>

<td>no-break space</td>

<td>160

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>Latin-1 Supplement</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">Non-breaking space</a>: identical to U+0020, but not a point at which a line may be broken. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&nbsp;</code>, <code>&NonBreakingSpace;</code>, LaTeX: <code>~</code>

</td></tr>

<td>ogham space mark</td>

<td>5760

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Ogham</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Used for <a href="Interword_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Interword separation">interword separation</a> in <a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> text. Normally a vertical line in vertical text or a horizontal line in horizontal text, but may also be a blank space in "stemless" fonts. Requires an Ogham font.

</td></tr>

<td>8192

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td><a href="General_Punctuation" title="General Punctuation">General Punctuation</a></td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Width of one <a href="En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">en</a>. U+2002 is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2002 is preferred.

</td></tr>

<td>8193

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "mutton quad". Width of one <a href="Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a>. U+2003 is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2003 is preferred.

</td></tr>

<td>en space</td>

<td>8194

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "nut". Width of one <a href="En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">en</a>. U+2000 En Quad is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2002 is preferred. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&ensp;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\enspace</code> (the LaTeX en space is a no-break space)

</td></tr>

<td>em space</td>

<td>8195

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "mutton". Width of one <a href="Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a>. U+2001 Em Quad is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2003 is preferred. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&emsp;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\quad</code>

</td></tr>

<td>three-per-em space</td>

<td>8196

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "thick space". One third of an em wide. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&emsp13;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\;</code> (the LaTeX thick space is a no-break space)

</td></tr>

<td>four-per-em space</td>

<td>8197

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Also known as "mid space". One fourth of an em wide. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&emsp14;</code>

</td></tr>

<td>six-per-em space</td>

<td>8198

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">One sixth of an em wide. In computer typography, sometimes equated to U+2009.

</td></tr>

<td>figure space</td>

<td>8199

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a>. In fonts with monospaced digits, equal to the width of one digit. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&numsp;</code>

</td></tr>

<td>punctuation space</td>

<td>8200

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">As wide as the narrow punctuation in a font, i.e. the advance width of the period or comma.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> HTML/XML named entity: <code>&puncsp;</code>

</td></tr>

<td>thin space</td>

<td>8201

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a>; one-fifth (sometimes one-sixth) of an em wide. Recommended for use as a <a href="Thousands_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousands separator">thousands separator</a> for measures made with <a href="SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI units">SI units</a>. Unlike U+2002 to U+2008, its width may get adjusted in typesetting.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> HTML/XML named entity: <code>&thinsp;</code>, <code>&ThinSpace;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\,</code> (the LaTeX thin space is a no-break space)

</td></tr>

<td>hair space</td>

<td>8202

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Thinner than a thin space. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&hairsp;</code>, <code>&VeryThinSpace;</code>

</td></tr>

<td>line separator</td>

<td>8232

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, line

</td>

</td></tr>

<td>paragraph separator</td>

<td>8233

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, paragraph

</td>

</td></tr>

<td>narrow no-break space</td>

<td>8239

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Narrow_no-break_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow no-break space">Narrow no-break space</a>. Similar in function to U+00A0 No-Break Space. When used with Mongolian, its width is usually one third of the normal space; in other context, its width sometimes resembles that of the <a href="Thin_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin Space">Thin Space</a> (U+2009). LaTeX: <code>\,</code>

</td></tr>

<td>medium mathematical space</td>

<td>8287

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">MMSP. Used in mathematical formulae. Four-eighteenths of an em.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> In mathematical typography, the widths of spaces are usually given in integral multiples of an eighteenth of an em, and 4/18 em may be used in several situations, for example between the a and the + and between the + and the b in the expression a + b.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> HTML/XML named entity: <code>&MediumSpace;</code>, LaTeX: <code>\:</code> (the LaTeX medium space is a no-break space)

</td></tr>

<td>ideographic space</td>

<td>12288

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Common</td>

<td><a href="CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols and Punctuation</a></td>

<td>Separator, space

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">As wide as a <a href="CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK character</a> cell (<a href="Fullwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullwidth">fullwidth</a>). Used, for example, in <a href="Tai_tou" title="Tai tou">tai tou</a>.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th colspan="10"><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Related Unicode characters with property White_Space=no</div>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th style="width:10%;"> Name

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Code_point" title="Code point">Code point</a>

</th>

<th>Width box

</th>

<th><a href="Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">May break</a>?

</th>

<th>In <a href="Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">IDN</a>?

</th>

<th><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Script</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a>

</th>

<th style="width:9%;">General category

</th>

<th style="width:35%;">Notes

</th></tr>

<td>mongolian vowel separator</td>

<td>6158

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>Mongolian</td>

<td><a href="Mongolian_(Unicode_block)" title="Mongolian (Unicode block)">Mongolian</a></td>

<td>Other, Format

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">MVS. A narrow space character, used in Mongolian to cause the final two characters of a word to take on different shapes.<a href="#cite_note-Gillam-8">[6]</a> It is no longer classified as space character (i.e. in Zs category) in Unicode 6.3.0, even though it was in previous versions of the standard.

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Zero_width_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero width space">zero width space</a></td>

<td>8203

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Other, Format

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">ZWSP, <a href="Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">zero-width space</a>. Used to indicate word boundaries to text processing systems when using scripts that do not use explicit spacing. It is similar to the <a href="Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphen</a>, with the difference that the latter is used to indicate syllable boundaries, and should display a visible hyphen when the line breaks at it. HTML/XML <a href="List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references#Character_entity_references_in_HTML" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named entity</a>: <code>&ZeroWidthSpace;</code><a href="#cite_note-html5entity-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a>

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Zero_width_non-joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero width non-joiner">zero width non-joiner</a></td>

<td>8204

</td>

<td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Context-dependent<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a>

</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Other, Format

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">ZWNJ, <a href="Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">zero-width non-joiner</a>. When placed between two characters that would otherwise be connected, a ZWNJ causes them to be printed in their final and initial forms, respectively. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&zwnj;</code>

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Zero_width_joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero width joiner">zero width joiner</a></td>

<td>8205

</td>

<td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Context-dependent<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a>

</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Other, Format

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">ZWJ, <a href="Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">zero-width joiner</a>. When placed between two characters that would otherwise not be connected, a ZWJ causes them to be printed in their connected forms. Can also be used to display joining forms in isolation. Depending on whether a ligature or conjunct is expected by default, can either induce (as <a href="Emoji#Joining" title="Emoji">in emoji</a> and <a href="Sinhala_script#Consonant_conjuncts" title="Sinhala script">in Sinhala</a>) or suppress (as in <a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>) substitution with a single glyph, whilst still permitting use of individual joining forms (unlike ZWNJ). HTML/XML named entity: <code>&zwj;</code>

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">word joiner</a></td>

<td>8288

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td>General Punctuation</td>

<td>Other, Format

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">WJ, <a href="Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">word joiner</a>. Similar to U+200B, but not a point at which a line may be broken. HTML/XML named entity: <code>&NoBreak;</code>

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">zero width non-breaking space</a></td>

<td>65279

</td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No

</td>

<td><a href="Arabic_Presentation_Forms-B" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-B">Arabic Presentation Forms-B</a></td>

<td>Other, Format

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Zero-width_non-breaking_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-width non-breaking space">Zero-width non-breaking space</a>. Used primarily as a <a href="Byte_Order_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte Order Mark">Byte Order Mark</a>. Use as an indication of non-breaking is deprecated as of Unicode 3.2; see U+2060 instead.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-wsdef-2"><a href="#cite_ref-wsdef_2-0">^</a> White_Space is a binary Unicode property.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/PropList.txt">"PropList-16.0.0.txt"</a>. Unicode. 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-09-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Although <code>&ZeroWidthSpace;</code> is one HTML5 named entity for U+200B, the additional names <code>NegativeMediumSpace</code>, <code>NegativeThickSpace</code>, <code>NegativeThinSpace</code> and <code>NegativeVeryThinSpace</code> (which are names used in the <a href="Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a> for negative-advance spaces, which it maps to the <a href="Private_Use_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area">Private Use Area</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> are also defined by <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> as aliases for U+200B (e.g. <code>&NegativeMediumSpace;</code>).<a href="#cite_note-html5entity-9">[7]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitute_images">Substitute images</h3></div>

Unicode also provides some visible characters that can be used to represent various whitespace characters, in contexts where a visible symbol must be displayed:

<caption style="font-size:125%;padding-bottom:0.4em;">Unicode space-illustrating characters (visible)

</caption>

<th title="decimal">Decimal</th>

<th><a href="Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a>

</th>

<th>Display

</th>

<th>Description

</th></tr>

<td>Middle dot</td>

<td>Latin-1 Supplement

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ·

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;"><a href="Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a> Named entity: <code>&middot;</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Downwards two headed arrow</td>

<td>Arrows

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ↡

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">ECMA-17 / <a href="ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">ISO 2047</a> symbol for form feed (page break)<a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Identical to</td>

<td>Mathematical Operators

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ≡

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for line feed<a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Shouldered open box</td>

<td>Miscellaneous Technical

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ⍽

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Used to indicate a <a href="Non-breakable_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-breakable space">NBSP</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Return symbol</td>

<td>Miscellaneous Technical

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ⏎

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Symbol for a <a href="Return_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Return key">return key</a>, which enters a line break

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Symbol for horizontal tabulation</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␉

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a tab character

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Symbol for line feed</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␊

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a line feed

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Symbol for vertical tabulation</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␋

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a vertical tab (line tab)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Symbol for form feed</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␌

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a form feed (page break)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Symbol for carriage return</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␍

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a carriage return

</td></tr>

<td>Symbol for space</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␠

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for an ASCII space

</td></tr>

<td>Blank symbol</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␢

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">aka "substitute blank",<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a> used in <a href="BCDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="BCDIC">BCDIC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a> <a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a> <a href="ASCII-1963" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII-1963">ASCII-1963</a><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1963-20">[17]</a> etc. as a symbol for the <a href="Word_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Word separator">word separator</a>

</td></tr>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␣

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Used in <a href="Block_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Block letter">block letter</a> handwriting at least since the 1980s when it is necessary to explicitly indicate the number of space characters (e.g. when programming with pen and paper). Used in a textbook (published 1982, 1984, 1985, 1988 by Springer-Verlag) on <a href="Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> a programming language where space codes require explicit indication. Also used in the keypad<a href="#cite_note-22">[n 1]</a> of the <a href="Comparison_of_Texas_Instruments_graphing_calculators" title="Comparison of Texas Instruments graphing calculators">Texas Instruments' TI-8x series</a> of <a href="Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">graphing calculators</a>. Named entity: <code>&blank;</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Symbol for newline</td>

<td>Control Pictures

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ␤

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Substitutes for a line break

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>White up-pointing triangle</td>

<td>Geometric Shapes

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> △

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for the ASCII space<a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Logical Or with middle stem</td>

<td>Supplemental Mathematical Operators

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ⩛

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for vertical tab (line tab)<a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Smaller than</td>

<td>Supplemental Mathematical Operators

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ⪪

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for carriage return<a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Larger than</td>

<td>Supplemental Mathematical Operators

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ⪫

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Amongst other uses, is the ECMA-17 / ISO 2047 symbol for the tab character<a href="#cite_note-ECMA-17-18">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Dotted square</td>

<td>Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> ⬚

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ideographic Telegraph Line Feed Separator Symbol</td>

<td>CJK Symbols and Punctuation

</td>

<td class="Unicode" style="text-align:center;"> 〷

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;white-space:normal;">Graphic used for code 9999 in <a href="Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a>, representing a line feed

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Above the zero "0" or negative "(‒)" key.

</li>

</ol></div>

<dl><dt>Exact space</dt></dl>

<ul><li>The <a href="Cambridge_Z88" title="Cambridge Z88">Cambridge Z88</a> provided a special "exact space" (code point 160 aka 0xA0) (invokable by key shortcut <kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌑</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">SPACE</kbd><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard-23">[19]</a>), displayed as "…" by the operating system's display driver.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25">[21]</a> It was therefore also known as "dot space" in conjunction with <a href="BBC_BASIC" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25">[21]</a></li>

<li>Under code point 224 (0xE0) the computer also provided a special three-character-cells-wide SPACE symbol <code>"SPC"</code> (analogous to Unicode's single-cell-wide U+2420).<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG40_AppendixD-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_UG_AppendixD-25">[21]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-space_blanks">Non-space blanks</h3></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Braille Patterns</a> Unicode block contains U+2800 ⠀ BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK, a <a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> pattern with no dots raised. Some fonts display the character as a fixed-width blank, however the Unicode standard explicitly states that it does not act as a space.<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_chart_U2800-26">[22]</a></li>

<li>Unicode's coverage of the <a href="Korean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean alphabet">Korean alphabet</a> includes several code points which represent the absence of a written letter, and thus do not display a glyph:

<ul><li>Unicode includes a <a href="KS_X_1001#Hangul_Filler" title="KS X 1001">Hangul Filler</a> character in the <a href="Hangul_Compatibility_Jamo" title="Hangul Compatibility Jamo">Hangul Compatibility Jamo</a> block (U+3164 ㅤ HANGUL FILLER). This is classified as a letter, but displayed as an empty space, like a Hangul block containing no jamo. It is used in <a href="KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a> Hangul combining sequences to introduce them or denote the absence of a letter in a position, but not in Unicode's combining jamo system.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></li>

<li>Unicode's combining jamo system uses similar Hangul Choseong Filler and Hangul Jungseong Filler characters to denote the absence of a letter in initial or medial position within a syllable block, which are included in the <a href="Hangul_Jamo_(Unicode_block)" title="Hangul Jamo (Unicode block)">Hangul Jamo block</a> (U+115F ᅟ HANGUL CHOSEONG FILLER, U+1160 ᅠ HANGUL JUNGSEONG FILLER).<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a></li>

<li>Additionally, a <a href="KS_X_1001#Hangul_Filler" title="KS X 1001">Halfwidth Hangul Filler</a> is included in the <a href="Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms</a> (U+FFA0 ﾠ HALFWIDTH HANGUL FILLER), which is used when mapping from encodings which include characters from both <a href="Johab" class="mw-redirect" title="Johab">Johab</a> (or <a href="KS_X_1001#Wansung_code_charts" title="KS X 1001">Wansung</a>) and <a href="KS_X_1001#1974" title="KS X 1001">N-byte Hangul</a> (or its <a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> counterpart), such as IBM-933, which includes both Johab and EBCDIC fillers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whitespace_and_digital_typography">Whitespace and digital typography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-screen_display">On-screen display</h3></div>

<a href="Text_editor" title="Text editor">Text editors</a>, <a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a>, and <a href="Desktop_publishing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop publishing software">desktop publishing software</a> differ in how they represent whitespace on the screen, and how they represent spaces at the ends of lines longer than the screen or column width. In some cases, spaces are shown simply as blank space; in other cases they may be represented by an <a href="Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> or other symbols. Many different characters (described below) could be used to produce spaces, and non-character functions (such as margins and tab settings) can also affect whitespace.

Many of the Unicode space characters were created for compatibility with classic print typography.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a>

Even if digital typography has algorithmic kerning and justification, those space characters can be used to supplement the electronic formatting when needed.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable-width_general-purpose_space">Variable-width general-purpose space</h3></div>

In computer <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a>, there is a normal general-purpose space (Unicode character U+0020) whose width will vary according to the design of the typeface. Typical values range from 1/5 em to 1/3 em (in digital typography an <a href="Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a> is equal to the nominal size of the font, so for a 10-point font the space will probably be between 2 and 3.3 points). Sophisticated fonts may have differently sized spaces for bold, italic, and small-caps faces, and often compositors will manually adjust the width of the space depending on the size and prominence of the text.

In addition to this general-purpose space, it is possible to encode a space of a specific width. See the table <a href="#Unicode">above</a> for a complete list.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_spaces_around_dashes">Hair spaces around dashes</h3></div>

<a href="Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">Em dashes</a> used as parenthetical dividers, and <a href="En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dashes</a> when used as word joiners, are usually set continuous with the text.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> However, such a dash can optionally be surrounded with a hair space, U+200A, or <a href="Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a>, U+2009. The hair space can be written in HTML by using the <a href="Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character references</a> <code>&#x200A;</code> or <code>&#8202;</code>, or the named entity <code>&hairsp;</code>. The <a href="Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a> is named entity <code>&thinsp;</code> and numeric references <code>&#x2009;</code> or <code>&#8201;</code>. These spaces are much thinner than a normal space (except in a <a href="Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced (non-proportional) font</a>), with the hair space in particular being the thinnest of horizontal whitespace characters.

<caption>Normal space versus hair and thin spaces (as rendered by your browser)

</caption>

<th>Normal space with em dash

</th>

<td>left — right

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Thin space with em dash

</th>

<td>left — right

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Hair space with em dash

</th>

<td>left — right

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>No space with em dash

</th>

<td>left—right

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_applications">Computing applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</h3></div>

In most <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, whitespace characters can be used to separate <a href="Token_(parser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Token (parser)">tokens</a>. For a <a href="Free-form_language" title="Free-form language">free-form language</a>, whitespace characters are ignored by code processors (i.e. <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>). Even when language syntax requires white space, often multiple whitespace characters are treated the same as a single. In an <a href="Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a> language, <a href="Indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentation">indentation</a> white space is syntactically significant. In the <a href="Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> and contrarian language called <a href="Whitespace_(programming_language)" title="Whitespace (programming language)">Whitespace</a>, whitespace characters are the only significant characters and normal text is ignored.

Good use of white space in <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> can group related logic and make the code easier to understand.

Excessive use of whitespace, including at the end of a line where it provides no rendering behavior, is considered a nuisance.

Most languages only recognize whitespace characters that have an ASCII code. They disallow most or all of the Unicode codes listed above. The <a href="C_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C language">C language</a> defines whitespace characters to be "space, horizontal tab, new-line, vertical tab, and form-feed".<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> The <a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> network protocol requires different types of whitespace to be used in different parts of the protocol, such as: only the space character in the <a href="HTTP_status" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP status">status</a> line, CRLF at the end of a line, and "linear whitespace" in header values.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command-line_parsing">Command-line parsing</h3></div>

Typical <a href="Command_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Command processor">command-line parsers</a> use the space character to <a href="Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimit</a> <a href="Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">arguments</a>. A value with an embedded space character is problematic since it causes the value to parse as multiple arguments. Typically, a parser allows for escaping the normal argument parsing by enclosing the text in quotes.

Consider that one wants to list the files in directory named "foo bar". This command instead lists the files matching either "foo" or "bar":

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>ls foo bar

</pre></div>

This command correctly specifies a single argument:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>ls "foo bar"

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markup_languages">Markup languages</h3></div>

Some <a href="Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a>, such as <a href="SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>, preserve whitespace as written.

Web markup languages such as <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> and <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> treat whitespace characters specially, including space characters, for programmers' convenience. One or more space characters read by conforming display-time processors of those markup languages are collapsed to 0 or 1 space, depending on their semantic context. For example, double (or more) spaces within text are collapsed to a single space, and spaces which appear on either side of the "<code>=</code>" that separates an attribute name from its value have no effect on the interpretation of the document. Element end tags can contain trailing spaces, and empty-element tags in XML can contain spaces before the "<code>/></code>". In these languages, unnecessary whitespace increases the file size, and so may slow network transfers. On the other hand, unnecessary whitespace can also inconspicuously mark code, similar to, but less obvious than comments in code. This can be desirable to prove an <a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">infringement</a> of license or copyright that was committed by <a href="Copying_and_pasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Copying and pasting">copying and pasting</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preserving_whitespace">Preserving whitespace</h4></div>

In XML attribute values, sequences of whitespace characters are treated as a single space when the document is read by a parser.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> Whitespace in XML element content is not changed in this way by the parser, but an application receiving information from the parser may choose to apply similar rules to element content. An XML document author can use the <code>xml:space="preserve"</code> attribute on an element to instruct the parser to discourage the downstream application from altering whitespace in that element's content.

In most <a href="HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a>, a sequence of whitespace characters is treated as a single inter-word separator, which may manifest as a single space character when rendering text in a language that normally inserts such space between words.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Conforming HTML renderers apply literal whitespace behaviour to certain elements: those inside <code class="nowrap" style=""><pre>...</pre></code> tags, and those where <a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> property <code>white-space</code> is set to pre or pre-wrap. In these elements, space characters will not be "collapsed" into inter-word separators.

In <a href="MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> markup, as well as the <code class="nowrap" style=""><pre>...</pre></code> there is an optional <code class="nowrap" style=""><poem>...</poem></code> tag, which also preserves whitespace. It requires Extension:Poem.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a>

In both XML and HTML, the <a href="Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a> character, along with other "non-standard" spaces, is not treated as collapsible whitespace.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_names">File names</h3></div>

Such usage is similar to multiword file names written for operating systems and applications that are confused by embedded space codes—such file names instead use an <a href="Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> (_) as a word separator, as_in_this_phrase.

Another such symbol was U+2422 ␢ BLANK SYMBOL. This was used in the early years of computer programming when writing on coding forms. <a href="Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Keypunch</a> operators immediately recognized the symbol as an "explicit space".<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a> It was used in <a href="BCDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="BCDIC">BCDIC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a> <a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a> and <a href="ASCII-1963" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII-1963">ASCII-1963</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">[16]</a>

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</style><div class="div-col">

<ul><li><a href="Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">Carriage return</a></li>

<li><a href="Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em (typography)</a></li>

<li><a href="En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En (typography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indent_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Indent style">Indent style</a></li>

<li><a href="Newline" title="Newline">Newline</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_style" title="Programming style">Programming style</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_expression#Character_classes" title="Regular expression">Regular expression § Character classes</a> for the white-space character class.</li>

<li><a href="Space_bar" title="Space bar">Space bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space (punctuation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimming_(computer_programming)" title="Trimming (computer programming)">Trimming (computer programming)</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitespace_(programming_language)" title="Whitespace (programming language)">Whitespace (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/versions/latest/">"The Unicode Standard"</a>. Unicode Consortium.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314135826/https://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/spaces.htm">"Character design standards – space characters"</a>. Character design standards. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 1998–1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/spaces.htm">the original</a> on March 14, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The Unicode Standard 5.0, printed edition, p. 205; also available at <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch06.pdf">"Chapter 6 — Writing Systems and Punctuation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/">The Unicode Standard 5.0, electronic edition</a>. <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2006-07-14. p. 11 (205). Retrieved 2022-12-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf">"General Punctuation"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard 5.1. <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Inc</a>. 1991–2008. Retrieved 2009-05-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSargent2006" class="citation web cs1">Sargent, Murray III (2006-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn28/tn28-2.html">"Unicode Nearly Plain Text Encoding of Mathematics (Version 2)"</a>. Unicode Technical Note #28. <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Inc</a>. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 2009-05-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Gillam-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Gillam_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGillam2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillam, Richard (2002). Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard. Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-70052-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeThickSpace.html">"\[NegativeThickSpace]"</a>. Wolfram Language Documentation.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeMediumSpace.html">"\[NegativeMediumSpace]"</a>. Wolfram Language Documentation.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeThinSpace.html">"\[NegativeThinSpace]"</a>. Wolfram Language Documentation.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolfram" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/character/NegativeVeryThinSpace.html">"\[NegativeVeryThinSpace]"</a>. Wolfram Language Documentation.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFaltstrom2010" class="citation cs1">Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892#appendix-A.1">"Zero Width Non-Joiner"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. A.1. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5892">10.17487/RFC5892</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">5892</a>. Retrieved September 4, 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFaltstrom2010" class="citation cs1">Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892#appendix-A.2">"Zero Width Joiner"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. A.2. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5892">10.17487/RFC5892</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">5892</a>. Retrieved September 4, 2019.</cite>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/#White_Space">"Unicode Standard Annex #44, Unicode Character Database"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ECMA-17-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-17_18-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Computer_Manufacturers_Association1968" class="citation cs1"><a href="Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">European Computer Manufacturers Association</a> (1968-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-17,%201st%20Edition,%20November%201968.pdf">Graphic Representation of the Control Characters of the ECMA 7-Bit Coded Character Set for Information Interchange</a> (PDF). ECMA-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_19-7">h</a> <cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1980" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf">Coded Character Sets, History and Development</a> (PDF). The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). <a href="Addison-Wesley_Publishing_Company%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.">Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.</a> pp. 41, 47, 52, 102–103, 117, 119, 130, 132, 141, 148, 150–151, 212, 424. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-201-14460-4</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77-90165">77-90165</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-ASCII-1963-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1963_20-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sr-ix.com/Archive/CharCodeHist/X3.4-1963/index.html">"American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASA X3.4-1963"</a>. <a href="American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a> (ASA). 1963-06-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWirth1988" class="citation book cs1">Wirth, Niklaus (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-3-642-83565-0/1.pdf">Programming in Modula-2</a> (PDF). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-83565-0">10.1007/978-3-642-83565-0</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-83567-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_UG_Keyboard_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG/The+keyboard">"Cambridge Z88 User Guide"</a>. 4.7 (4th ed.). <a href="Cambridge_Computer_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Computer Limited">Cambridge Computer Limited</a>. 2016 [1987]. Basic concepts - The keyboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212173159/https://cambridgez88.jira.com/wiki/display/UG/The+keyboard">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2016-12-12.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Unicode_chart_U2800-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_chart_U2800_26-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">Unicode chart U+2800</a>, braille patterns

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChung2017" class="citation cs1">Chung, Jaemin (2017-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2017/17081-hangul-filler.pdf">Proposal to add an informative note to U+3164 HANGUL FILLER</a> (PDF). <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. UTC L2/17-081.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf">Hangul Jamo</a> (PDF). <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2020-10-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icu-project.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-933">"ibm-933_P110-1995"</a>. ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer. <a href="International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icu-project.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-933&b=0E84&s=ALL">"ibm-933_P110-1995 (lead bytes 0E84)"</a>. ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer. <a href="International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch06.pdf">"Chapter 6 — Writing Systems and Punctuation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/">The Unicode Standard 15.0, electronic edition</a>. <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2022-09-13. pp. 12–13 (267–268). Retrieved 2022-12-23. <q>The fixed-width space characters (U+2000..U+200A) are derived from conventional (hot lead) typography. Algorithmic kerning and justification in computerized typography do not use these characters. However, where they are used (for example, in typesetting mathematical formulae), their width is generally font-specified, and they typically do not expand during justification. The exception is U+2009 thin space, which sometimes gets adjusted.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Usage of the different dash types is illustrated, e.g., in <a href="The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a>, §§ 6.80, 6.83–6.86

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf</a> Section 6.4, paragraph 3

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFielding1999" class="citation cs2">Fielding, R.; et al. (June 1999), "2.2 Basic Rules", Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.1, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2616">10.17487/RFC2616</a>, <a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616">2616</a></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#AVNormalize">"3.3.3 Attribute-Value Normalization"</a>. Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). World Wide Web Consortium.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/text.html#h-9.1">"9.1 Whitespace"</a>. W3CHTML 4.01 Specification. World Wide Web Consortium.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Poem">"Extension:Poem"</a>. MediaWiki.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/PropList.txt">Property List of Unicode Character Database</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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